A Guide to Developing Shadow Budgets for Civil Society Organizations in Nigeria with support from the European Union's Support to Reforming Institutions Program (SRIP). The developed Modules covered 

Module One:	Situational Analysis		
Module Two:	Introduction to Budgets		
Module Three:	Introduction to Democracy and Governance
Module Four:	Strategic Planning and Budgeting Processes		
Module Five:	Guide to Analyzing Budgets
Module Seven:	Providing Alternatives or Shadow Budgets
																	

																		The four day capacity building workshop for the Core Community Mapping Team (CCMT) will focus on the development of a database template for data storage, retrieval and analysis of the Out of School Children (OOSC) in the five (5) GEP across three (3) States using SPSS.  The specific objectives of this capacity building are centered on four primary areas, namely: 

-	To build the capacity of GEP 3 Core Community Mapping Team (CCMT) on the use of Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) and Excel packages for effective data  entry as well as the analysis of mapping outcomes
-	Develop an SPSS template for Community Mapping (CM) of Out Of School Children (OOSC) especially  
-	Develop a unified blueprint for the mapping exercise
-	To finalize plans and instruments for the first phase of Community Mapping Exercise (CME) in 5 GEP States 

																	

																		This report demonstrates the use of a Remote Sensing System (RSS) to assess recent environmental changes in the Yangtze Delta, People’s Republic of China (PRC) before, during and after the construction of Shanghai International Airport over a twenty year period (1990-2010). The aim of this report is to develop a robust RSS for digital image analysis by evaluating methods of image interpretation for the study and analysis of habitat as well as coastline changes in the Yangtze Delta. 
This will be achieved through the acquisition of historical satellite imagery and data from different earth observation platforms (e.g. Earth Science Data Interface, Global Land Cover Facility, Google Earth and Global Visualization Viewer). This will form for the analytical framework for reviewing historic remotely sensed datasets to develop a digital image classification methodology that effectively detects and characterizes recent land cover changes in the Yangtze Delta (i.e. digital compilation of changes). 
Meanwhile, due consideration will be given to the need for conducting a habitat and coastline change analysis in the Yangtze Delta by citing select case studies of similar projects and alternative methods of land cover classification.  Accordingly, the report would further highlight the potential capability of image processing outputs of remotely sensed data. In addition, the report will evaluate the developed RSS through the revision of usability outputs, constraints and proffer recommendations for improvements.  

																	

																		In March, 2013, the National Commission for Nomadic Education in collaboration with UNICEF conducted a mapping study of selected nomadic schools in five GEP3 states of Katsina, Zamfara, Sokoto, Bauchi and Niger. The outcome of the study revealed the existence of multigrade arrangement in the majority of the nomadic schools, with teachers lacking the capacity to function effectively in multi-grade classroom. The training manual is designed for trainers of normadic school teachers to promote active and collaborative learning. It shifts the conventional paradigm of instruction delivery in nomadic school and introduces a vision for a new type of school that is both high quality and cost-effective. 
																	

																		SECTION A: PROFILE OF BUSINESS FIRM 
Where is your business organization located?  _______________________________

How long has your firm operated in the present location?
(a) 1-5yrs             (b) 5-10yrs        (c) Over 10yrs

What is the type of your business ownership?
     (a)Sole enterprise   (b) Partnership   (c) Cooperative   (d).Others

What service does your business offer?
      (a) General Service Rendering (b) Production Oriented   (c) Assembling and Packaging 
(d)    Sales

      5.    Where is your firm’s main activity located? 
             (a) Mobil Central Area (b) Western bye-pass (c) Bosso (d) Eastern bye-pass
             (e) Others (specify) ___________________________________________
     
      6.    Does the location of your business firm complement your location?
             (a) Yes             (b) No

																	

																		The aim of this document is to review the risks posed by climate change in order to put forward a robust governance framework that sets ambitious and legally binding emission reduction targets.  Thus, this realization provided the intervention rationale to recommend embedding sustainable development considerations within a Holistic Governance Framework (HGF).
Furthermore, within the context of achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) the policy document also offers a multi-disciplinary review of the impact of unchecked Climate Change on the socio-economic development of Nigeria. The proposed policy document also appraises current scientific, technological, economic and social data on the prevailing policy intervention gaps in Nigeria’s CCGR. For this reason, particular emphasis is being placed on propagating a shift to and adoption of low GHG emission reduction strategies. In other words, this document offers an innovative approach to transiting to a low based economy by managing and proactively responding to Climate Change Challenges (CCC) in Nigeria

Finally, the policy document addresses notable funding restrictions on identified and proposed Climate Change Adaptation Mitigation (CCAM) policies in an attempt to effectively integrate sustainability into proposed governance strategies. Additional focus is being placed on a variety of policy options as well as technological innovation and transfer by effectively engaging the private sector to sustain priority action on Climate Change Adaptation Delivery (CCAD). Therefore,  the  document  lays  out  a  sound  policy  framework  that  identifies  and  assists  in financing notable adaptation measures (i.e. policy responses) to tackle the increasing challenges of Dangerous Climate Change (DCC) in Nigeria.

																	

																		RTI learning initiative for international International development program staffs. As the Project Learning Champion (PLC), (i.e. nominated by the RARA Chief of Party, I facilitate the dissemination of learning resources for the professional development of team members by encouraging staffs to identify suitable web-based courses for improved job satisfaction, career development. This role was extended to cover other RTI programs in Nigeria  beyond the USAID Reading and Access Research Activity (RARA), USAID ENVISION, USAID National Education Data Survey (NEDS) and DFID Teachers Development Project (TDP) programs.

																	

																		This report presents a critical assessment of AVEC-Agric Chemicals (India), AVEC China, AVEC Electronics and Coca Cola in line with the Global Reporting Index (GRI) G3 protocol framework i.e. environmental and social benchmarks. This was done to identify areas of poor corporate performance in order to improve the overall sustainability of business operations. Hence, a two tier approach was taken to carefully acquire, synthesize and consequently analyse relevant data to effectively report on Global Accountability Indices (GAI) conformance. Furthermore for the purpose of clarity, additional supporting documentation has been attached to provide a complete evaluation of AVEC-Agric Chemical Company (India) i.e. GRI G3 Level C Reporting Template.    


																	

																		The goal of this project is adoption of policy framework and action plan for stakeholder coordination and management of IDPs in Nigeria. This is because  Internally displaced persons (IDPs) are typically persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border. They differ from refugees only in the sense that they remain within the boundaries of their country of origin. This distinction unfortunately reduces the attention that is typically given to their plight especially in developing regions of the world like in Nigeria.
																	

																		This report presents a comparative assessment of the 2005 Buncefield depot explosion, Hermel, Hempstead, United Kingdom and the 2011 Warri Refinery Petrochemical Company (WRPC), Warri, Delta State Nigeria. The outcome of which, revealed basic similarities in the strategic importance of each oil installation depot when contrasting the medium and long term disaster impacts of each case study. In this regard, notable differences were also identified in the adoption of respective disaster management responses as well as the resultant impacts on the Post Disaster Environment (PDE).
Furthermore, this report offers additional Disaster Mitigation Measures (DMM) as well as preparedness strategies for adoption by both public and private organizations in the likelihood of a reoccurrence of a Buncefield-like disaster. This was achieved through the careful consideration of numerous investigative reports, academic research articles and relevant case studies. Also, a closer look at the different dimensions of Disaster Impact Vulnerability (DIV) highlighted a significant difference in the extent of Post Disaster Recovery (PDR) achieved in Least Developed Countries (LDC) and More Economically Developed Countries (MEDC).
Finally, additional information and supporting material were included to justify the selection of respective Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) strategies to provide an effective response to specified oil related incidents.
																	

																		Environmental law remains a vast professional discipline, which is as diverse as the arising magnitude of environmental challenges present in the 21st century. The important role which the environment plays cannot be over emphasized because its influence percolates into every dimension and aspect of human existence.  Thus, there is an obvious need to effectively regulate its use and allocation while establishing limits of acceptable development. This must be done to effectively protect the collective rights of individuals and businesses alike. In this regard, government must take the leading role by promoting proactive legislation, strengthening regulatory institutions and most importantly enforce the law.  Some may argue that environmental laws must be central to policy making on the International stage to bring about a significant impact. Let me therefore sound a note of caution, because while the environment may be central to all aspects of life, other considerations do tend to reflect certain realities e.g. a case in point may be the ‘Kyoto Protocol’. This case study shall examine the planning dimensions of environmental law focused on the approval of planning permits for environmental impact assessment (EIA) developments in the Ardagh Glass Limited V Chester City Council case. This shall be done by outlining specific timelines through a brief on the case history and critically review the court ruling 

																	

																		Sections 17 of the C.P.A., 129 of the C.P.C., and 27 of the Police Act authorize the grant of bail by the police pending the trial of the accused person except in respect of capital offences. Where bail is refused, the accused person must be charged to court within 48 hours. Bail is an important component of the right to personal liberty under Section 35 of the Constitution. Therefore, bail is a right. The legal basis for the right to bail is the presumption of innocence of the accused or suspect. Presumption of innocence is provided in section 36(5) of the Constitution as one of the constitutional safeguards for fair hearing. 

However, a person may be denied of his right to personal liberty as provided in section 35(1) (c) for the purpose of bringing him before a court in execution of the order of a court, upon reasonable suspicion of his having committed a criminal offence, and in order to prevent his committing a criminal offence. Section 35(4) however demands that any person denied of his personal liberty in this regard shall be brought before a court of law within a reasonable time otherwise the person should be released on bail. Reasonable time is further defined in section 35(5) as 24 hours (a day) in the case of an arrest or detention in any place where there is a court of competent jurisdiction within a radius of 40kms; and in any other case, 48 hours (two days) or any longer period, which given the circumstances of the case, the court considers reasonable.

Despite all these provisions, incessant detention of suspects without trial and other innocent people for the sole purpose of extortion has been on the increase and indeed has become commonplace in Nigeria. Onerous bail conditions are being imposed on suspects who have applied for bail. Reliable sureties are also being rejected on frivolous grounds. This amounts to a form of corruption and also affects the level of the police service delivery to the public.

																	

																		The Environmental Management Systems (EMS) Audit represents an ISO14001 Conformance Audit of a Case Study Company in the United Kingdom (i.e. auditing the company's EMS Manual to highlight areas of non-conformance(s) in line with the ISO14001 international standard document). The EMS audit exercise covered a range of issues i.e. LIST OF NON-CONFORMANCES e.g. ISO14001:2004 CLAUSE NUMBER,  COMPANY EMS MANUAL DOCUMENT LOCATION, 
DESCRIPTION OF NON-CONFORMANCE as well as a list of REQUIRED ACTION
(CORRECTIVE). 

																	

																		The Child Development Grant Program (CDGP) is a five year program which is being implemented in two states of Northern Nigeria namely Jigawa and Zamfara. It is being designed as a pilot cash transfer program focused in 5 focal Local Government Areas (LGAs). Under DFID’s commitment to reach 20 million children under the age of 5 between 2011 and 2015, and its focus of nutrition programs on the first ‘1,000 days’, the program aims to remove the food security and financial barriers to improving nutrition in an area where under-nutrition is a serious problem. 
																	

																		The SOTU report on Nigeria 2010 underlines the lack of progress towards popularization, ratification and implementation of AU protocols, policy standards and frameworks in Nigeria. One of the biggest challenges is the failure of domestication of the AU legal instruments. Section 12(1) of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria stipulates that no treaty between the Federation and any other country shall have the force of law except to the extent to which any such treaty has been enacted into law by the National Assembly. The non-ratification and domestication of some of these treaties have left Nigeria not playing its required and exemplary role in the comity of African nations. Although Nigeria has signed and ratified the Protocol on the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights and the Rights of Women in Africa in February 2005 and also has a national gender policy no specific national legislation to ensure the observance of the rights of women has been implemented.
																	

																		The World Bank assisted programme by the Federal Ministry of Finance (FMF) Nigeria is geared at conducting a series of training and capacity building workshops of mapped Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) to observe the public procurement processes and to report the extent of compliance of Ministries, Departments and Agencies of the Federal Government of Nigeria. this included the conduct of a series of trainings on the development of Public Procurement Advocacy Tools and Observation Checklists. This project is sponsored by the World Bank and implemented by the Federal Ministry of Finance, Nigeria under the Economic Reform and Governance Program (ERGP). 
																	

																		This document studies the adoption, utilization and operation of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in supporting urban planning initiatives by emphasing the role of Spatial Decision Support Systems (SDSS) in the formation of growth strategies that enhance the sustainability of cities and urban areas. The report also puts forward a framework for articulating the use of Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) tools for effective analysis through a System for Monitoring Urban Functionalities (SMURF); through the application of a Public Participatory Geographic information System (PPGIS) as a key component of establishing a credible Planning Support System (PSS) and operationalizing an Urban Information System (UIS). This conceptual framework highlights the role of Relational Database Management Systems (RDMS), Spatial Distribution Models (SDM), Geospatial Data Infrastructure (GDI) for effective Outcome Mapping (OM) of current and potential challenges facing cities in the 21st century. 
																	

																		ABSTRACT
This research study sets out a methodological approach to assessing the climate change vulnerability and adaptation needs of urban areas in Abuja; and thereby identifies spatial planning priorities for addressing climate-related risks. For this purpose, a Climate Change Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Tool was developed to evaluate the use of spatial mapping techniques i.e. Scenario Simulation, Indicator-Based Classification and Spatial Multi-Criteria Analysis in developing a conceptual framework for integrating adaptation action into the urban planning of Abuja. This forms an integral part of long term strategic planning to promote the sustainable development of cities.
By incorporating the use spatial mapping approaches into the conceptual framework of the Climate Change Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Tool, the researcher identified priority adaptation action areas and responses to enhance urban sustainability in Abuja i.e. through a review of current climate-related risks to evaluate the extent of Climate Change impacts. The research study also suggests that the Climate Change Risk-Vulnerability Assessment Tool can be replicated, through the refinement of selected vulnerability indicators to reflect prevailing climate-related risks; through the operation of spatial analytical procedures to highlight the potential impacts of simulated Climate Change vulnerability and impact scenarios across different geographical scales.
This conceptual approach enhances the ease of use, functionality and multi-tasking operations of the Climate Change Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Tool. However, the choice of spatial analytical processes or methods may vary to reflex the required scope and nature of vulnerability study to be conducted. Finally, the research study provides considerable insight into the nature, spatial distribution, adaptation responses and impacts of climate change in urban areas of Abuja.
																	

																		The Household Economy Analysis (HEA) measures food and livelihood security. It involves the quantification of household food/income access and expenditure patterns by wealth groups during a baseline year. The second phase is the Outcome Analysis, which involves assessing changes in food, income and expenditure due to production and price changes from current year to baseline year. Afterwards, the results are assessed against survival and livelihood thresholds to develop as well as design relevant coping strategies in the respective livelihood zones of the Sahel across West Africa. 
																	

																		The urban morphology of modern cities continues to pose significant difficulties for urban planners and environmentalist alike. This is because the dynamic and often complex nature of spatial interactions in urban areas often betrays a false sense of calm with attendant public health consequences. The reality of which is a far cry from the serene environment of the country side or the simple comforts of an afternoon stroll along a landscaped boulevard. Sadly, cities do not evoke such thoughts as their often impressive cityscape comes along with a hefty environmental price tag. At the turn of the 21st century, major cities all over the world have become increasingly susceptible to extreme events e.g. prevailing droughts conditions across the United Kingdom, heat waves in Europe and the United States, bush fires in Australia or flash floods in Lagos, Nigeria. Either way this emerging scenario points to an increased vulnerability to the impacts of climate change across the globe. There is therefore a cogent need to address the existing vulnerability of urban areas in order to better equip cities to effectively mitigate the impacts of climate change (Gill, S.E. et al 2007). 
																	

																		This Environmental Improvement Strategy (EIS) document establishes a coherent framework for continual improvement of the overall environmental performance of Konoha Glasswork Limited (KGL) over a five year period from 2012 to 2017. This strategy document links improved economic performance to identified environmental improvements through the implementation of Cost Saving Measures (CSM) and Waste Minimization Strategies (WMS) in the manufacturing process. The document articulates a concise systematic approach to achieving ISO14001 certification through a series of Environmental Improvement Implementation Plans (EIIP) for the period aforementioned. 

The Environmental Improvement Implementation Plan (EIIP) sets out annual priority action areas within an environmental improvement context and demonstrates specific compliance targets as a basis for the environmental improvement strategy.  This strategy document carefully presents key environmental improvement priorities by analyzing the manufacturing process, and identifying potential areas for improvement to enhance environmental performance. 

The Formulation of this strategy underscores KGL’s commitment to improving its business environment and promoting efficient manufacturing operations; while maintaining its trademark quality products and services to our clients. Given the above therefore,  it is imperative to mention that as a general management policy, KGL’s environmental improvement strategy not only considers potential improvements and investment opportunities but also makes rational reductions through promoting general efficiency i.e. adoption of Cost Saving Measures (CSM), Best Available Technology (BAT) and Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO) where applicable.

																	

																		The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) therefore constitutes an essential component of a proposed comprehensive tobacco control program, as it is regarded as a global standard for the efficient and systematic monitoring of the tobacco epidemic through the tracking of tobacco control indicators. The Nigerian GATS was conducted in 2012 as a pilot project in Africa designed primarily to produce an internationally comparative data framework to study and monitor adult tobacco use in Nigeria. It is expected that the data outputs from the completed GATS will serve as a primary source of reliable and quality data for the generation of effective tobacco control policies in line with the provisions of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) Article 13 as well as incorporating components of the Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI). The survey was implemented by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) under the coordination of the Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) in collaboration with partners such as the WHO, the United States of America Centre for Disease Control (CDC), CDC Foundation and with support from the Campaign for Tobacco Free Children (CTFK). 

																	

																		The USAID sponsored Reading and Access Research Activity (RARA) IS AN $8.7 million task order, designed to carry out research in the areas of early grade reading and access to education in Nigeria. The research seeks to review existing strategies and programs to address barriers to school participation as well as test some modest interventions to improve reading in Hausa with the objective of informing effective & affordable intervention strategies. the research activity is being implemented by Research Triangle Institute (RTI) with Mott MacDonald as the evaluation subcontractor. 

The overall goal of RARA is to identify factors that improve reading skills and increase access to schooling for out-of-school children, especially for girls and almajiri (Islamic boarding school children). RARA will also help inform government actors, donor partners, civil society, the private sector, and USAID technical staff in developing a more nuanced understanding of activities that can be taken to scale in northern Nigeria to achieve this goal. 

Component 1: Conduct data collection and analysis of key aspects of reading instruction and educational access.

Component 2: Conduct early grade reading assessments (EGRAs) in two primary grades in Hausa and English, in a representative sample of primary and Islamiyya, Qur’anic, and Tsangaya education (IQTE) schools in the states of Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, and Katsina.
6 Nigeria Reading and Access Research Activity (RARA) Communications Plan

Component 3: Conduct and evaluate a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in the instruction of reading in Hausa in Primary 2 in 30 schools each in Bauchi and Sokoto.

Component 4: Conduct access research in Bauchi and Sokoto states.

Component 5: Report all findings, conclusions, and recommendations to stakeholder governments, USAID, and multilateral and nongovernmental organization (NGO) partner audiences.
																	

																		This report demonstrates the need for and use of an Environmental Audit for improving the
legislative compliance and environmental performance of Acme Metal Treatment Company. The
aim of this report is to outline a procedure for preparing, conducting and reporting the findings of
an environmental audit. The report also describes the basic requirements placed on an
environmental auditor, with particular reference to implementing ISO14001.
This was achieved by identifying areas of Acme’s manufacturing operation that currently lead to
non-compliance, future liability, waste of raw materials, release of pollutants, unnecessary
expenditure and poor environmental performance (i.e. Input – Output Analysis, SWOT Analysis
PEST, Product Analysis and Environmental Risk Assessment). This analytical framework
formed the structure for reviewing the operational efficiency and environmental performance of
Acme Metal Treatment Company. In addition, an important outcome of this report is the
formulation of an Environmental Action Plan that highlights key Compliance Action Points that
address identified non-compliance issues.
Furthermore, the report offers some insight into integrating management systems and planning
for continual improvements for Acme Metal Treatment Company. In addition, the report draws
from the use of relevant environmental audit case studies to properly articulate and introduce a
set of appropriate environmental and legal compliance guidelines. Finally, the report concludes
by recommending pertinent pollution prevention/ control and cost saving measures to mitigate
potential environmental risks of operational inefficiencies i.e. Compliance Action Points (CAP).
																	

																		ERA/FoEN, CISLAC and other stakeholders have been working towards the implementation of a tobacco control law that is compliant with the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in Nigeria since 2007. These efforts were supported fully by the Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids (CTFK). The campaign towards a NTCB recorded some remarkable successes along the way. The efforts eventually led to the passage of the National Tobacco Control Bill  by the  6th National Assembly in 2011.Unfortunately the Bill was never signed into law by the President, Dr. Goodluck Ebele Jonathan. 
																	

																		This report presents a critical assessment of AVEC-Agric Chemicals (India), AVEC China, AVEC Electronics and Coca Cola in line with the Global Reporting Index (GRI) G3 protocol framework i.e. environmental and social benchmarks. This was done to identify areas of poor corporate performance in order to improve the overall sustainability of business operations. Hence, a two tier approach was taken to carefully acquire, synthesize and consequently analyse relevant data to effectively report on Global Accountability Indices (GAI) conformance.
																	

																		The fundamental aim of conducting an audit of Machining Precision Limited is geared towards tackling significant environmental legal non-compliance concerns. Thus, it is pivotal that management must fully commit to the findings of this audit exercise to ensure that the report remains confidential and void of undue interference. The environmental audit exercise was conducted under several sub-sections, each directed at a particular environmental aspect of Machining Precision Company’s operations, structure, product and processes. The aim of which, is to generate a holistic program of compliance action points that effectively address any arising as well as potential environmental legal non-compliance issues. Hence, the various sub-sections are outlined below: 
																	

																		This report represents a detailed description of the respective state profiles, the methodology adopted for the community mapping of OOSC, outlines the results of analyzing key education indicators (i.e. Number of Children Drop Outs in Catchment Communities, Number of Children Who Never Attended School, Number of Out of School Children in the Catchment Communities, Number of Children Not in School By Age Groupings, Reasons for Children Being Out of School and the Number of HouseHold Heads Who Are Willing to Enroll their Children in Schools By Local Government Areas. and puts forward informed recommendations for conducting the second phase of the community mapping exercise across selected communities.  
																	

																		Over the years, cities have been shaped by the development of transport infrastructure, which exerts significant influence on the morphology and urban structure of human settlements. This has in turn contributed extensively to emerging trends of urban growth vis-à-vis existing road infrastructure. The influence of road infrastructure on commercial land uses goes beyond the need to improve accessibility but also contains basic elements of bid-rent and location gradient theories. As business firms look to expand their business frontiers and further derive advantages from the agglomeration of commercial activities.

																	

																		Field questionnaires were structured and administered to ease the acquisition of primary data sources. They therefore covered the following areas:
(1). Profile of business firms
(2). Operational facilities
(3). Evaluation of existing facilities
(4). Facility expansion requirement
 The following areas were randomly sampled during the course of this research study: Sabon gari, Mobil, Western bye-pass, Eastern bye-pass, Keteren gwari,Kpakungu, Dutsen Kura, Bosso lowcost, Yoruba road, Hospital road, Bosso-Chanchaga road, Okada road and Shiroro hotel road. 

																	

																		The Konoha Glass Manufacturing Limited (KGL) Environmental Improvement Strategy (EIS) outlines a 5 year Environmental Performance Plan (EPP) to attain ISO14001 Certification. 
																	

																		While the field of Environmental Law has in recent years found huge followership and stimulated numerous public debates especially in the areas of oil spillage and climate change; town planning has seen a decline in prominence. To this end, it appears as if less attention is being paid to town planning issues. The emerging scenario has lead to a reliance on statutory instruments in the form of controls and regulations. Unfortunately, the current global economic climate has not contributed favourably to the static state of an already over legislated town planning system. In turn, the feverish discontent among economists and politicians alike prompted a swift change in their modus operandi. There seems to be a glaring insistence or in more subtle terms, a market choice preference to stimulate economic growth at all cost. Predictably, environmental concerns tend to take the back seat to economic growth. Eventually this unsustainable approach may well achieve some form of growth, but with far reaching environmental impacts. 
																	

																		The Federal Public Administration Reform Program (FEPAR) involves the introduction of the reformed budgetary processes to increase civil society participation in the Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF), and Medium Term Sector Strategies (MTSS) component of the budget process which was meant to link the budget with policy and developmental long term planning with actual outcomes. The involvement of civil society in independent monitoring of Debt Relief Gains funded components of the Millennium Development Goal, MDG program in Nigeria represent the most successful story of external accountability in Nigeria. This includes a series of training workshops and capacity building sessions focused on policy analysis and legislative engagement.